24,882 Ways To Tie Your Necktie

Until now, scientists thought there were only 85 different ways to tie a typical necktie. Now researchers inspired by the Matrix trilogy of movies have discovered thousands more.

"There are far, far more knots than were previously known," said researcher Mikael Vejdemo-Johansson, a computational mathematician at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.


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Why Physicists Love Super Balls

They may be child's play, but some serious physics makes them bounce so well.

Originally published: May 22 2015 - 11:00am, Inside Science News Service
By: Joel N. Shurkin, Contributor

(Inside Science) -- Super Balls are toys beloved by children because of their extraordinary ability to bounce. Physicists love them for exactly the same reason.

Drop a baseball on the floor and it will hardly bounce at all. Drop a Super Ball from shoulder height, and it will bounce back 92 percent of the way to the drop-off point. Super Balls also are just as bouncy vertically as they are horizontally, and they spin oddly.

Image credit: Beao via wikimedia | http://bit.ly/1HmKkJz
Rights information: http://bit.ly/cEcCkh

"Physicists love it because it has interesting physical properties," said Rod Cross, retired professor of physics at the University of Sydney in Australia, whose latest paper on Super Balls appears in the American Journal of Physics. His research also demonstrated the odd way all balls roll.

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"Slinky" Lens Could See Cancer and Other Tiny Objects

Looking like a miniature Slinky, a new lens can manipulate and resolve light in ways impossible for traditional lenses. Researchers say this "hyperlens" may help detect early-stage cancer and identify single molecule sequences. 

This "Slinky" hyperlens measures a few micrometers across. The light-colored, grainy layers are made of gold and the darker, smoother layers are made of a transparent thermoplastic, PMMA. The two slits in the gold at the bottom of the arch create a 250-nanometer-wide object to image. Credit: Sun et al. 2015.

Resolving two points near the diffraction limit
as the spacing between them decreases.
Eventually the two points merge in a blur.
Credit: Public domain

Traditional lenses can only resolve so much detail. A fundamental "diffraction limit" prevents microscopes from imaging features smaller than about half the wavelength of light used. For yellow light with a wavelength of 780 nm, this limit is about 390 nm. Any object or feature smaller than this, including viruses, proteins, and many molecules, would simply be a blur in traditional microscopes.

Now researchers at the University at Buffalo have engineered a new type of lens that breaks this barrier and resolves objects to at least 250 nm using yellow light, as they describe in a recent paper in Nature Communications.

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Good Vibrations For Computations

Image credit: Stefan Kontur| http://bit.ly/1PtZ2IG
Rights information: http://bit.ly/cEcCkh

Electronic computers, like the one you're using to read this story, are a fantastically successful technology, having grown in just 70 years into a bedrock of the global economy. But within the next decade, experts say computer and personal electronics designers will start to reach the physical limits of how small and fast such devices can get.

Some physicists are now trying to put a new spin on the technology, by building computers that would store, move and process information using vibrations in solid materials.

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Physics in Verse: Maxwell's "I come from fields of fractured ice..."

Here's another lovely bit of physics poetry. Last week it was John Updike on neutrinos. This week it is Scottish mathematican and physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, who is most famous for his theory of electromagnetic radiation (commonly known as Maxwell's equations).

James Clerk Maxwell and his wife, Katherine,
circa 1869. Credit: Public domain

Maxwell was the first person to realize that magnetic and electric fields are intimately related, and that light (ranging from radio waves to visible light to gamma rays) is the result of oscillating electromagnetic fields.

On the side, Maxwell enjoyed reading and writing poetry, and many of his poems survive in a collection published by his life-long friend, Lewis Campbell, in 1882.

This poem, "To The Chief Musician Upon Nabla: A Tyndallic Ode", describes the magic and allure of physical phenomena. Maxwell composed it for his friend and fellow-physicist, Peter Guthrie Tait, and first published it anonymously in Nature in 1871, during the final decade of Maxwell's life.

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Holograms in Everyday Life: Going to the Movies

As someone who has trouble understanding and following movies without subtitles, I got into the habit of not jumping to go see new movies in the theater growing up. My local theaters’ closed captioning devices were these small, LED screens you could set in a cup holder that would provide titles, and did not lend themselves to easy viewing experiences. A few years ago, Regal Entertainment theaters began rolling out Sony holographic glasses that project captions. In addition to providing a better visual experience for viewing closed captions in movies, it puts to use some interesting physics.

Sony Entertainment Access Glasses. Image Credit: Sony Product Details

It’s hard to say exactly how the glasses work - it's in Sony's best interested not to disclose all the technical specs - but we can make some solid guesses. In 2008, scientists from Sony published a white paper on a full-color version of the holographic glasses that look similar to the glasses that you can pick up at the movie theater.

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Octopus-inspired Robotic Arm Manipulates "Organs"

The strength and flexibility of an octopus arm has inspired Italian researchers from the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies to create a robotic tool that may assist in future keyhole surgeries.

An octopus-inspired robotic arm adapts to delicate objects in its environment.
Image courtesy of Tommaso Ranzani, The BioRobotics Group, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies

Much like the dexterous limb of an octopus, which can weave around corners and grasp objects, this prototype arm can perform multiple tasks at the same time, potentially reducing the number of tools needed in a surgery. By adjusting the stiffness in different parts of the same arm, the researchers hope to prevent damage to soft organs (represented by water balloons in their lab experiments).

"The human body represents a highly challenging and non-structured environment, where the capabilities of the octopus can provide several advantages with respect to traditional surgical tools," said lead author Tommaso Ranzani in an Institute of Physics press release.

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How Ants Go Marching And Never Cause Traffic Jams

Traffic scientists study ants because they manage traffic better than humans.

Originally published: May 11 2015 - 12:45pm, Inside Science News Service
By: Joel N. Shurkin, Contributor

(Inside Science) -- The old children's song about marching ants is a good explanation for why traffic engineers love them.

Ants -- most are teeny creatures with brains smaller than pinheads -- engineer traffic better than humans. Ants never run into stop-and-go-traffic or gridlock on the trail. In fact, the more ants of one species there are on the road, the faster they go, according to new research.

Image credit: Clicksy via flickr | http://bit.ly/1G06cyj
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Researchers from two German universities, the Universities of Potsdam and the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, found a nest of black meadow ants (Formica pratensis) in the woods of Saxony. The nest had four trunk trails leading to foraging areas, some of them 60 feet long. They chose a small area and set up a camera that took time-lapse photography, and recorded the ants coming through the zone.

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The Amtrak Derailment And Newton's First Law

Walter Siegmund via wikimedia | http://bit.ly/1HjxEbL

Tuesday evening's deadly derailment that sent an Amtrak Northeast Regional train careening off its tracks has many people asking how such a tragedy could happen. Investigators on the case have not announced an official cause just yet, but it seems that speed played a major factor: the train was, apparently, traveling down the track at 106 mph, more than 50 mph over the posted speed limit on the bend where the train derailed, according to National Transportation Safety Board member Robert Sumwalt.

On a purely physical level, the train's derailment due to excessive speed can be understood in terms of Newton's first law of motion: an object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.

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A Sharper Focus in Underwater Sound Images

Murky water is an excellent cloak, masking underwater features and objects from view. Sound can pierce straight through the murk by traveling around suspended particles in the water with minimal scattering. But sound's penetrating ability, thanks to its relatively long wavelengths, also means that it is difficult to "see" underwater objects in any detail. Scientists are currently developing a new sonar technique that can image objects only a few inches in size.

For more than a hundred years, scientists have used sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) to pierce underwater depths, but the most common technique, called side-scan sonar, works best on very large objects like shipwrecks or the contours of the ocean floor.

Image of the shipwreck "Aid" in Estonia using side-scan sonar.
Credit: Subzone OÜ via Wikimedia Commons

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The Physics of Sailing: How Does a Sailboat Move Upwind?

Have you ever wondered how a sailboat sails upwind?

Sailboats racing upwind. Credit: Public domain

The sun is out, the wind is blowing, and I've been busy taking some sailing lessons. Turns out there's an interesting bit of physics that allows sailboats to not only travel downwind, being pushed by the wind, but also to travel upwind, or nearly so.

An 18th-century square-rigged ship sailing
downwind. Credit: Public domain

But first let's start with the downwind case. If the sailor wants to travel in the same direction as the wind, then all he or she has to do is hold the sail perpendicular to the wind and let the boat be pushed from behind.

This is the most basic point of sail, and was often used by ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman sailors. When they needed additional speed or wanted to travel upwind, they rowed.

The large square-rigged boats popular in the 18th and 19th centuries (the classic pirate ship, for instance) were also most effective on a downwind sail.

Modern sailboats can sail in any direction that is greater than about 45 degrees with respect to the wind. They can't sail exactly upwind but with a clever boat design, a well-positioned sail, and the patience to zig-zag back and forth, sailors can travel anywhere.

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Physics in Verse: A John Updike Poem about Neutrinos

There is a long history of poets taking Nature as their muse, from the call of the sea to the draw of the wild. But poems about physics phenomena are harder to find.

Some might argue that physicists and poets have little in common: particle physicist Paul Dirac once commented, "In science one tries to tell people, in such a way as to be understood by everyone, something that no one ever knew before. But in the case of poetry, it's the exact opposite!"

But Dirac was also a firm believer in the inherent beauty of his theories and perhaps would not mind the overlap of physics and poetry that celebrates the magical and beautiful workings of the physical world.

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How Gamblers Try – And Fail – To Beat The System

Image credit: tedmurphy via flickr | http://bit.ly/1F7za0f
Rights information: http://bit.ly/NL51dk

Habitual gamblers are more likely to believe they see patterns in random sequences of events, and to act on that belief, than the general population, according to new research.

Wolfgang Gaissmaier, a psychologist at the University of Konstanz in Germany, and his colleagues studied how habitual gamblers, recruited from among the regular patrons of the Akwesasne Mohawk Casino in upstate New York, used a cognitive strategy known as "probability matching" in a betting scenario. The regular gamblers, who ranged from slot machine players to those who frequent the blackjack table, were compared to members of the general public.


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The Accidental Birth of Radio Astronomy

Sometimes the biggest scientific discoveries arise from technicians simply trying to do their job. This was certainly the case for one of the key astronomical discoveries of the past century: the 1933 detection of radio waves from outer space. This accidental discovery gave birth to the field of radio astronomy and the subsequent detection of the most distant and most powerful phenomena in the universe: quasars, pulsars, and the cosmic microwave background.

The Milky Way and the Cosmic Microwave Background, as imaged by the Planck space telescope. Credit: European Space Agency, HFI and LFI consortia

Static on the Phone Line

Karl Jansky. Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI

No one likes a poor-quality phone call, even back in the 1920s. In 1928 Bell Telephone Laboratories hired a man called Karl Jansky fresh from his undergraduate physics degree at the University of Wisconsin. His task was to hunt down the sources of static noise that caused interference in early trans-Atlantic wireless phone calls.

Jansky set about building a basic antenna 30 meters long that could receive "short-wave" radio signals (here, short-wave means a wavelength of about 14.6 meters). He built the antenna in Holmdel, New Jersey, on a rotating platform that allowed a full-sky scan every 20 minutes. The antenna soon acquired the nickname "Jansky's merry-go-round".

With this simple scaffolding made of brass pipe and a few circuits, Jansky identified three noise culprits in 1932: nearby thunderstorms, distant thunderstorms, and a "steady hiss type static of unknown origin".

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Podcast: GRACE

Earth’s surface gravity is about 9.81 m/s² -- a value familiar to any high school physics student asked to calculate the trajectory of a baseball -- but in reality, that number is an average, lumping together slight variations around the globe. Just as mass isn’t distributed evenly worldwide, gravity isn’t the same everywhere either, and it’s not even constant over time. As the solid earth responds to changing loads and tectonic forces, and as water mass moves around the surface and subsurface, the gravity field adjusts as well, and these changes can be detected.

Image:NASA

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Giant Mission To A Dwarf Planet

Image credit: 

nasa.gov | http://1.usa.gov/1zxRkpq

It isn't new, and it doesn't even qualify as a full-fledged planet. But Pluto, the dwarf planet in the depths of our solar system, is creating the brand of excitement among modern astronomers that English poet John Keats characterized two centuries ago:

Then felt I like some watcher of the skies/When a new planet swims into his ken.

The reason for this enthusiasm: Pluto is about to receive a visit from a spacecraft. In mid-July, after a journey of almost 1.5 billion miles over nine and a half years, the grand-piano-sized craft will fly within about 6,000 miles of the dwarf planet.

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The Skinny On Skin

What makes skin so tough?

Originally published: May 4 2015 - 11:45am, Inside Science News Service
By: Lisa Marie Potter, Contributor

(Inside Science) -- Skin has to be flexible enough to jump, crawl, and kick with us. It also has to be resilient enough to withstand our falls, scrapes, and cuts. Scientists have marveled at skin's strength for years without knowing why it's so durable.

Now, scientists have identified the mechanical properties that give skin its toughness. Their findings are the first to show that collagen, the most abundant protein in skin, moves to absorb stress and prevent the skin from tearing. In the future, this knowledge could help us use nature's blueprint to make better synthetic skin and improve the strength of man-made materials.

Collagen in its twisted, curly form with no skin stress. Image credit: The Jacob School of Engineering at UC SD

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Transcendence: A New Play Explores the Einstein Nobel Prize Controversy

Einstein and the controversy surrounding the Nobel Prize in Physics take center stage, while Franz Kafka steals the show

You would think it's impossible to simultaneously spurn a professor and award him the greatest academic prize in the world, but you are not Allvar Gullstrand, and you are not snubbing Albert Einstein. Rather than award Einstein for his groundbreaking theory of relativity, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences gave him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922 for discovering the photoelectric effect - unarguably significant work that helped in proving quantum theory, but not the theory that reshaped the fundamental understanding of matter and time.

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